Wednesday, April 8, 2026
Home Blog Page 63

Baby Blues or Postpartum Depression: An Expert’s Take

By
Maryanne W. Waweru
-
0

So you’ve just had a new baby, but why aren’t you feeling as overjoyed as you had envisioned you would? Why are you feeling so upset, unloving, sad, anxious, moody, lonely, afraid, tense.. and such related feelings? Yet everyone around you is so excited -and obviously expecting you to equally be over the moon because of your new bundle of joy.

I spoke to Nairobi-based counseling psychologist Anita Awuor, who sheds more light on the issue of baby blues and postpartum depression (PPD).

MT: What are baby blues?

AA: Baby blues are to some extent a normal part of giving birth and last from a few days to several weeks. Typically baby blues, though not expected include mild depression and mood swings which are common in new mothers. The new mom expects to be basking in mummy bliss but instead of celebrating, she feels like crying. And instead of joy and excitement there is exhaustion, anxiety and feelings of weeping.

Baby blues are normal and generally disappear after two weeks and require no treatment. They are caused in part by the rapid changes in hormones within the body after giving birth. The feelings of happiness and sadness, general mood swings, loneliness, irritability, and crying spells come and go from the first hour of birth to three weeks later, and mother soon starts to feel better after some rest.

If these feelings last longer and get more intense instead of diminishing after 2 -3 weeks, then it may the start of postpartum depression and this is where help may be needed.

MT: Tell us more about Postpartum Depression (PPD).

AA: PPD is more serious and lasts longer. Unlike baby blues, it should not be ignored though it’s not always easy to distinguish between the two. At the beginning, baby blues and PPD are similar, with the symptoms including; mood swings, crying jags, sadness, insomnia and irritability. The difference is that PPD symptoms are more severe and last longer. PPD will set in soon after child birth and will gradually develop over a period of months.

MT: What are other symptoms of Postpartum Depression?

AA: They include:

  • Lack of interest in baby            ,
  • Negative feelings toward baby
  • Worrying about hurting baby
  • Lack of concern for self
  • Changes in appetite or weight
  • Lack of energy and motivation
  • Loss of pleasure
  • Feelings of worthlessness and guilt
  • Sleeping more or less than usual
  • Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide

MT: What are the causes of PPD?

AA: Causes of PPD are not known, but can include: hormonal changes, physical changes and stress. And some of the risk factors are a previous history of depression, a history of severe PMS, medical complications for you or baby, relationship difficulties and lack of support from family and friends.

MT: What are the coping strategies for a new mom?

AA: The following are some self-care strategies:

  • Rest as much as you can: sleep as the baby naps.
  • Take good care of your body: gentle exercise, eat healthy, drink lots.
  • Try to spend time outdoors.
  • Ask for help.
  • Talk with friends especially other new parents.
  • Try to spend time alone with your partner.
  • Don’t try to do too much.
  • Try not to make major life changes during or just after the birth of the baby.

MT: How can other people surrounding the new mom help?

AA: They can:

  • Listen when the mum needs to talk
  • Help with cooking, shopping, and errands
  • Help in caring for the baby
  • Give you time alone each day to sleep, bathe, exercise, read etc

MT: When should a new mom seek help?

AA: She needs to seek help when the feelings do not appear to be diminishing. When she starts to feel as though she may harm herself or her baby. Remember that all children need a chance to a healthy mother, and all mothers deserve the chance to enjoy their life and children. So if you are feeling depressed during pregnancy and after the birth of the baby, don’t suffer alone. Seek help.

MT: Your final words of advice?

AA: New mum’s need time to adjust. With baby blues one will wake up one day and realize its ok and you can be a good mother. PPD though carries on and affects the life of the baby and those around you. In the case of suspected PPD, seek help, call a friend, talk about it – don’t keep it to yourself and suffer in silence. With each day the guilt that you may be a bad mother increases, you may feel embarrassed or ashamed, or guilty about being depressed, but there is no reason for you to suffer in silence.

Anita Awuor is a counseling psychologist who has over 5 years’ experience working with families and children. 

Images courtesy: Dreamstime.com

Feeling Sad after Having a Baby: Baby Blues or PostPartum Depression?

By
Maryanne W. Waweru
-
2

Becoming a new mom –whether for the first time or a becoming new mom once again, comes with lots of emotions. Lots of mixed emotions. The adjusting to life with a newborn, the physical pain and discomfort of recovering from the birth, hormonal changes, lack of sleep, breastfeeding woes, receiving and hosting so many visitors…all of this can at times be overwhelming for a new mom.

I know of some moms whose emotions were so overwhelming that they were left with no room to feel any joy or excitement about the new baby, to the extent that they wanted some ‘space’ from the baby. Others didn’t want to see the baby at all. Filled with feelings of sadness and failure, they see the images they had of a joyful and fulfilling motherhood  vanish into thin air as they struggle within themselves, wondering what happened to their good old cheerful self.

DepressionI spoke to these three women who shared their experiences just after they had baby:

Mom 1

“When I got my baby, the first 4-5 months were terrible. I used to cry half the night and felt like there was a cloud over my head spelling doom for the longest time. I knew I loved my baby and didn’t have any thoughts to harm her but yet I felt helpless, worthless and so alone. Thank God my mom was there to help me through it. I did not see a counselor or take any medicine but family was very supportive. My aunties and cousins rallied around me and made sure I had time off and got out of the house. Things are better now and I’m back to my old happy self but I must say that those months were pure mental torture. I would cry alot and it did not help that my baby refused to breastfeed, which made me feel like a failure. Things do get better once the hormones get back to balance. One way my aunt helped me was by helping me do daily exercises. We walked together in the early weeks and later did video exercises as well as the gym which seemed to alleviate the mood swings. My female relatives also talked me through it since they had similar experiences and encouraged me to try and stay positive. I thank God for them daily because am not sure what I would have done without them.”

Woman in depression and despairMom 2

“My baby blues were bad because I didn’t have milk for one week after delivery. To make matters worse, my nipples were inverted, which was a double tragedy. My baby would cry endlessly because she was hungry and there I was, helpless, with no nipple for her to suckle from. I thank God for the person who invented breast pumps because my nipples formed after several sessions of pumping. What also helped a lot was having a supportive hubby who helped me through these difficult times.”

Mom 3

“My depression went on for a very long time because I didn’t deal with it at the time that I should have. When I was pregnant, I was stressed out at work and at some point I even had to see a shrink about it. After I gave birth, I didn’t see the shrink, though I knew that I was depressed, and probably could be having postpartum depression. At that time, I was ashamed of what I was feeling, and I tried very hard to conceal it and pretend that everything was okay. But I now realize that was the worst thing ever. It was really difficult to share what I was going through with my friends because all of them were so happy and cooing about my baby and how happy I must have been feeling. If only they knew.
What I can say is that the fatigue and sleeplessness of having a newborn increases the bad feelings of depression, so I would advice a new mom t o make sure there is a point during the day when someone else takes care of the baby so that she can have a proper nap away from the baby- she should even get earplugs if possible. She should get someone reliable to watch over baby and feed him/her so that she can get at least 2 hours or uninterrupted rest. This will make a great difference.“

DepressionFollowing these conversations, women who’s experiences are representative of so many other new moms, I talked to a Counseling Psychologist who shed more light on baby blues and postpartum depression – if they mean the same thing or whether they are different. She also shared the symptoms of both, how a new mom can cope and when a new mom should seek professional help. I will share my interview with her here tomorrow, so be sure to check that.

Images courtesy: Dreamstime.com

Faces: Women and Children of Africa (3)

By
Maryanne W. Waweru
-
2

The faces of three sisters chatting and having a laugh as they prepare a meal of nduma’s for their husbands, their children and grandchildren during a family gathering in Jinja, Uganda.

 

 

photos by Joshua Wanyama

Of Moms, their Children’s Grooming and David Rudisha’s Gold Medal

By
Maryanne W. Waweru
-
6

When I was growing up, my mum always lay great emphasis on our appearance and general grooming. Why?

Because she said that how we looked was a representation of her as a mother. Hard as I tried to, I never understood what she meant.

My mum always ‘checked’ us before we left the house. She was the last person who gave us a thorough glance before we hopped into the family car headed for school. She used to check us out in this order:

  • Clothes are clean and pressed – check
  • Collar is sitting nicely on the cardigan – check
  • The ties of my two brothers’ are neatly folded in a samosa and are neatly in place – check
  • Hair is combed and neatly in place – check.
  • Handkerchief is in pocket – check.
  • Bread is in break box – check (not sure if this was part of our grooming though :) ).
  • Socks are well folded – check.
  • And finally, we always knew what the last item in her checklist was. Our shoes. Were they well brushed, polished and shining? – check.

Me, I always took great pride in my shoes. I loved when they were well polished and shining, with a glittering spark to boot. And Kiwi was responsible for this swag of my shoes, as I’ve honestly grown up knowing no other shoe polish. With the confidence that I had on account of my glossy shoes, I used to walk with a spring in my step – literally, always making sure that I walked ‘nicely’ because I didn’t want the Kiwi shine to fade from my shoes.

Anyway back to my mom, she really did pay keen attention to our appearance and grooming, taking great pride in how we looked. You could see it on her face, her heart melting with so much pride as she waved us goodbye as we hurriedly trotted off to our classes. I may not have understood why she was so particular about our grooming, but I get it now, totally. The truth of the matter is that people will always judge you as a mother – based on your child’s appearance.

Many are the times I’ve been in conversations where a child passes by and looking at them – just by their appearance, someone says “Oh, what a neat, clean and smart child, his mother is doing a good job!” And with admiration, they watch him go by -their smiles filled with joyful envy.

Then again, I’ve been in conversations where a child passes by and someone exclaims: “Gosh, who is their mother?” as they stare at the child with tattered and dusty shoes, unkempt hair, worn out clothes…. Not good.

And that’s why I tell you that your child is a reflection of you as a mom. And that’s why it’s important for your kids to look well groomed and be well mannered at all times.

And while I’m on the issue of grooming, two things are at the top of my mind right now: David Rudisha and the London 2012 Olympics. Ohhhh my, tell me if your heart didn’t flutter as Rudisha raced to victory last week, smashing the world record in the 800meters. Me, my heart fluttered and as he crossed the finish line, I shed a tear of pride as I watched him give Kenya its second gold at the games. Aawwwwww, it was an epic moment I tell you. I’d been waiting for that particular race since the Olympics began. All along, I’d been keeping tab of his interviews with journalists about his impending race and the preparations he’d engaged in before the Olympics. As I watched him speak, his humility and unmatched confidence made me 100% certain that he’d take the gold. He assured me just like that. And I wasn’t disappointed. When Rudisha shone, Kenya shone too and I’m sure you, just like me, were part of the frenzy that characterized his victory at that particular moment.

Rudisha is a recognizable brand in Kenya – both for his athletic prowess and he as the face of Kiwi. For starters, don’t you think he looks so good in the Kiwi campaign? With his pristine suit and SHINY shoes? They say that a man’s shoes can tell you a lot about who he is, and I couldn’t agree more. Doesn’t Rudisha ooze all that and more, such great much confidence, humility, character, drive, goal, ambition…doesn’t he look like he takes so much pride in his achievements and his appearance? For sure, ‘Wakati mtu anapongarisha viatu vyake, sio viatu pekee vinavyongara’. Me I’m an ardent member of #TeamRudisha.

Do you want to congratulate David Rudisha on his latest achievement at the London 2012 Olympics? You can go ahead and do so on the Kiwi Kenya Facebook Wall.

Otherwise congrats to all the other participants and medalists in the Olympics 2012 #TeamKenya. By the way during TEDx Nairobi 2012, I watched a brief documentary presentation by Jackie Lebo on the preparations that Kenyan athletes engage in before major races, and I was awed. It’s hard work my friends, hard work I tell you. So I salute the entire Kenyan team that participated in the Olympics because I know what it took for them to qualify to join this team.

Meet Rose Wanjiku, a Breastfeeding Champion

By
Maryanne W. Waweru
-
5

Today marks the beginning of the breastfeeding week (1st – 7th August), which is celebrated the world over. The purpose being to promote a breastfeeding culture and increase people’s knowledge of the benefits of breastmilk. Many moms are encouraged to exclusively breastfeed their young ones, that is offer them nothing else besides breastmilk for the first six months of their life. Great practice.

Well, today I had the chance to meet one woman -Rose Wanjiku who is a breastfeeding mom. Rose is 30 years old. She is a mother of two. Her first born is nine years old. She did not manage to exclusively her first child because she was not aware of the benefits or the practice.

Her second born is  Roy King. He is 4 months old. Rose is exclusively breastfeeding him. He has never taken anything else besides breastmilk since birth. She is exclusively breastfeeding Roy King because she wants him to grow into a healthy, strong boy. She believes that by breastfeeding him exclusively, his body will be strong and he will not fall sick often.

 

 

 

 

 

Mums in Business: Susan Malaika Karingi of Malaika Jewelry Box

By
Maryanne W. Waweru
-
4

27 year-old Susan ‘Malaika’ Karingi is a mom with the desire to grow her business into a big name in the fashion industry. I had a chat with her about her entrepreneurial journey and how she’s making her dream come true, as she balances work with raising her son.

MT: Tell us about your business

SMK: I design and sell jewelry, under the outfit ‘Malaika Jewelry Box’. My pieces include earrings, necklaces, bracelets and keyholders.
I have also recently began selling customized denim school bags, on which are embroidered a child’s name. Children love seeing their names written on their bags, and of course, moms are happy when their children are happy.  So I am doing this alongside the jewelry pieces.

MT: Why did you get into business?

SMK: I studied accounting at the African Nazarene University and after doing my internship at an audit firm, I knew without doubt that employment was not my thing. I grew up with parents who were in business and I used to help them out a lot. My internship consisted of boring, repetitive tasks that made me sure I wanted to get into my own business.

MT: Did you do any other business before Malaika Jewellery Box?

SMK: Yes I did. After graduation, I set up a carwash business along Ngong Road in Nairobi. But it did not do well as the expenses were more than I had anticipated. So I closed it.

In 2010, I decided to get into the jewelry business because I had always loved beautiful adornments. I decided to make them myself. However, I was faced with my first challenge. After approaching some friends who were in the business to teach me the ropes and get some few insights, I was shocked because I realized that people are very mean with information. So I ended up teaching myself how to do it, and figuring out where to buy the tools and the raw materials for myself. It was rough start, but I was able to overcome it and move on.

MT:  What is your vision for your business?

SMK: I hope to expand it to become a renowned business. I am beginning to make brooches and hairclips. I am also developing a men’s line because I’ve been getting a lot of requests from men who want neck pieces and bracelets.
While I had initially started with jewelry, I have now started making the school bags, and I’m working on diaper bags as I have gotten requests for these too.
I also hope to sell good shoes and clothes for boys. I have noticed that the market is flooded with girls’ clothing, but for boys –they are few and far between and when available, they are way too expensive. I hope to fill this gap.

MT: What have been the highs in your business?

SMK: The best parts have been meeting different people, and the exposure the business has given me. I don’t have a shop, but depend on online sales. I also sell during exhibitions and car boot sales. Making custom-made jewelry pieces for clients and seeing them satisfied has definitely been rewarding.

MT: What have been the lows in your business?

Getting capital for the business was an issue, as I had just closed down the car wash business and didn’t have that much money. But I worked with what I had and bought a few tools and beads, and began with that. Marketing and advertizing continue to be a big challenge as these require money.
Other times I have had clients cancel orders at the last minute. Some clients have also delayed on payments, which affects the cash flow of the business.

MT: You are a single mom to a four-year old boy. Share with me your parenting experiences.

SMK: To be honest, one of the reasons why I knew that I wanted to get into self-employment was because of my son. With my own business, I manage my own time and meet my own deadlines, and this flexibility ensures that I spend enough time with him.
I enjoy spending time with my son Ryan and I love teaching him different stuff. I have taught him how to make paper airplanes, I’ve taught him to climb trees and I’ve also taught him how to ride a bike!

MT: How are you able to work from the house while your son is there with you?

SMK: It’s actually not that hard. When I’m making my jewelry pieces, he helps me out by picking up the fallen beads, or helping me string the beads. These are usually moments I treasure because we are able to share jokes and stories together.

MT: What pieces of advice will you give your son as he grows up?

SMK: I will teach him to respect people, and I will do all that I can to ensure that he grows up to be a responsible man. I will support him fully as he follows his dream.

Malaika’s Jewelry Box can be found here.

Claris Ojwang: We Miss you and with Faith, we Hold on.

By
Maryanne W. Waweru
-
10

When I learnt about Claris’s story via one of the Mama Facebook groups that I’m in, I was deeply moved. Especially because her experience is something that can happen to any woman, to any mom. It could have happened to me. It could have happened to my sister, to my friend, to my colleague. It could have happened to you.

But who is Claris, you ask?

In February this year, Claris Ojwang, 26, was beaming with joy as she and her husband anticipated the birth of their second born. Two weeks to her due date, her husband George accompanied her for an ante-natal visit. Despite her swollen feet, which are characteristic of many pregnancies at that stage, the doctor assured the couple that all was well, though he recommended bed rest for Claris.

But the following day, things went awry. While resting at home, Claris suddenly collapsed and after being rushed to hospital, underwent an emergency CS where her second son, Henry Jude was born. Today, Henry Jude is a bouncing, healthy five month old boy. But sadly, the same cannot be said of his mom. Claris slipped into a coma after the birth of her second born.

Claris had developed pre-eclampsia, a life-threatening pregnancy related condition whose symptoms include high blood pressure, accompanied by protein levels in the urine. Pre-eclampsia usually appears during the second half of pregnancy, and it can be fatal.

Today, Claris continues to fight for her life in the High Dependency Unit (HDU) of Aga Khan Hospital, Nairobi. She has never laid her yes on her son Henry Jude, she has never held him in her arms; he has never suckled from her breasts. Thankfully though, Jude is well taken care of by his father George Ojwang, who has taken to playing the roles of both mom and dad to their two sons – Henry Jude and three-year old Haroun James. All three of them terribly miss the woman in their lives –Claris’s warmth, cheer and laughter. As days go by, they pray and hope that she will recover and return home to them.

Let’s continue praying for Claris’s recovery, and supporting her husband and two boys in any way that we can. So far, she has undergone more than 10 surgeries, and with her hospital bills continuing to soar, George has basically exhausted the family’s savings for these purposes. This, after the insurance company informed him that they would not chip in because his wife’s ailment was pregnancy-related.

So if you’re in a position to help George meet part of the bill, then you’re most welcome to. How can you do so?

There are T-shirts for sale at Ksh 1,200 which can be purchased from the Trendy Mums shop located on the ground floor of Cameo Cinema, Kenyatta Avenue or at the Trendy Mums shop at Remax Shopping Village, Argwings Kodhek rd.

Or you can place your order by calling George on 0721 261 617 or Bernard on 0700 074 448.

You can also MPESA her husband George Ojwang on 0721 261 617

Also note that there will be a fundraising on Tuesday 31 July 2012 at Charter Hall, beginning at 5.30pm.

You can read Clairis’s full story as published in the Daily Nation here.

Wishing Claris a quick recovery.

xoxo.

Pearls of Wisdom: Pieces of Advice to My Daughter (3)

By
Maryanne W. Waweru
-
7

Santina Nyagah, author of the food blog Broccoli Crazy, is mom to six year old Michelle and two-and-a-half year old Jeremy. I asked her what pieces of advice she’ll give Michelle as she grows up, and this was her response:

“When you asked me advice I would give my daughter the first thing that came to my mind was the song by Martina Mcbride “In my daughter’s eyes”. It was one of my favorite songs after Michelle was born, and it still brings tears to my eyes each time I hear it play. It defines motherhood and what being the mother of a girl means to me.

I see the world through my daughter, and these are the pieces of advice I’ll give to her as she grows.

Michelle,

On being yourself….

The best gift you can give yourself is to love yourself completely, despite any imperfections you may have. Because afterall, none of us are born perfect.

On loving others……

You can only give as much love as you have in yourself. If you hate yourself, then you will hate everyone around you, but if you love yourself, then there will be nothing but love to spread to the world around you.

On life…..

Life is like a jigsaw puzzle; you have to find the pieces that fit you and complete your own puzzle. That is the way it is with everybody and that is why it is futile to compare yourself with other people. We are all here on earth to find the pieces that fit.

On being brave…

As you go through life, you have to be brave and not give up. No one is born brave but life teaches us how. When problems come your way (as they surely will), you need to remember these words as sang in Martina’s song….”hang on when your heart has had enough, and give more when you feel like giving up.”

On career…

Do follow your heart, but listen to your head too; it’s all a balancing act between what you love and what’s going to put food on the table.

On being a mother….

The best thing that happened to me was being a mum, because it taught me selflessness and that you can never love too much -only too little.

On marriage….

Marry your best friend, that way when the wrinkles set in and you are both tottering around the house together on walking aids, at least you can hold hands and still talk to each other.

On raising kids

Raise them in a better manner than I raised you… I am human after all and may have made some mistakes but above all raise them to be better human beings.

And finally…

We are all here for a reason and a season, so do your best, dream big and leave the world a better place than you found it. And to never forget to laugh – it’s never that serious.“

Thanks Santina for sharing your gems to Michelle.

Not All Moms Have Enough Breastmilk for their Newborn. Myth or Fact?

By
Maryanne W. Waweru
-
11

I recently did a post on exclusive breastfeeding, and how I managed to do so with my son Kitty for his first six months.

Well, one of the issues that many new moms worry about is their milk supply, and if they will be able to produce enough breastmilk for their newborn. Through different forums, I have heard many moms ask this question many times, and the responses have always been varied.

So I talked to a community health nurse who works alot with new moms about this issue, and this is what she had to say:

After I did this post, some moms differed with the nurse. Read their sentiments in the comments below. What are your thoughts? What was your own personal experience?

Disposable Diapers or Cloth Nappies? A Kenyan Mom Explains Why she Settles for Cloth

By
Maryanne W. Waweru
-
5

In those days when we were growing up, the only option our moms had for our soiled behinds was cloth nappies.  You know –those white square nappies that used to be folded into a triangle then pinned on our hips with a humongous scary binnie (safety pin). I know that since then, cloth diapers have metamorphosed into more comfortable ones that are well padded and even look like fitting underwear -though I know many moms in Kenya today still use the original cloth nappies of them days.

Despite this advancement, disposable diapers seem to be the order of the day and are the preferred option for many moms that I know of. I don’t actually know anyone who uses cloth nappies as such. Myself, I use them occasionally on Kitty here and there, but certainly not regularly. Why do I use disposable diapers? Purely because of the convenience. Period.

Slippers and DiapersSo it was interesting to come across one mom the other day, who swears by cloth nappies. Her name is Nthenya, and she is mother to a 2 year old daughter, and is expecting her second born in November this year. This is what she shared:

MT: Tell me about your preference for cloth nappies.

Nthenya: Environmentally, disposable diapers are not fully bio-degradable. The chemicals they put in them are meant to absorb moisture, keep the nappy from falling apart and stop things getting too stinky. But they are not safe. In Europe, parents have access to disposables that don’t contain any chemicals and are fully bio-degradable -you can actually put them in your compost pit and in a year or so, there will be very little trace of it. It is largely for this reason that I use cloth nappies.

By the way, nappies with poop can’t be composted as there is a risk of spreading disease. Only wet ones can be composted and the nappy has to be a brand that says it can be put in the garden compost (though not the ordinary compost pit we learnt about in agriculture lessons).

I think it will be a long time before we see these kinds of disposables in our markets and which will not cost half our monthly salary! I hope though that this will soon happen in Kenya.

MT: Is there any particular regimen you follow in washing  cloth nappies?

Nthenya: Even though cloth nappies are a pain to wash and they can stink up the house especially if the taps are dry, I still prefer them. On days when water is scarce, I keep them soaked in tea tree and lavender solution in a bucket with a lid until water returns (I also do this when I find myself busy and don’t have the immediate time to wash them).

After they are well soaked, I wash them in hot water, avoiding detergents and bleach because those too can cause damage to a baby’s bottom or cause the fabric to age too fast. I then dry them in the sun to kill off any nasties that were not killed by the tea tree oil, as well as to remove poo stains. This way I’m sure of what’s going on my baby’s bottom.

Disposable colorful baby diapers.MT: Have you ever used disposable diapers?

Nthenya: Yes I have and this is occasionally when we have serious water issues. When I use them, I make sure I change baby every hour or so and coat the bottom in a thick layer of nappy cream or coconut oil. Disposables are wonderfully convenient but until the time when we can buy the good environmentally-friendly disposables locally, I will stick to cloth nappies.

So those are Nthenya’s reasons for why she uses cloth nappies. Who else uses cloth nappies like her, and what are your reasons?

1...626364...72Page 63 of 72

Advertisement

POPULAR POSTS

IN THE NEWS

POPULAR CATEGORIES

© Copyright 2015|Powered By Diwecs Business Solutions
error: Not Allowed